| CBSE Class 11 Geography Syllabus 2021 Part A: Fundamentals of Physical Geography Unit-1: Geography as a Discipline Geography as − An integrating discipline A science of spatial attributes Branches of Geography − Physical Geography Human Geography Scope and Career Options Unit-2: The Earth Origin and evolution of the earth Interior of the earth Wegener’s continental drift theory and plate tectonics Earthquakes and volcanoes − Causes Types Effects Unit-3: Landforms Rocks − Types Characteristics Landforms and their evolution Geomorphic processes − Weathering Mass wasting Erosion Deposition Soil-formation Unit 4: Climate Atmosphere − Composition and structure Elements of weather and climate Insolation − The angle of incidence and distribution Heat Budget of the earth-heating and cooling of the atmosphere (conduction, convection, terrestrial radiation, and advection) Temperature − Factors controlling temperature Distribution of temperature – horizontal and vertical Inversion of temperature Pressure-pressure belts − Winds-planetary Seasonal and local Air masses and fronts Tropical and extratropical cyclones Precipitation − Evaporation Condensation-dew Frost Fog Mist Cloud Rainfall – types and world distribution World climates − Classification (Koeppen and Thornthwaite) Global warming Climatic changes Climate and Global Concerns Unit 5: Hydrosphere Basics of Oceanography Oceans − Distribution of temperature Distribution of salinity Movements of − Ocean water-waves Tides Currents Submarine reliefs Ocean resources and pollution Unit 6: Biosphere Biosphere − Importance of plants and other organisms Biodiversity and conservation Ecosystem Ecological balance Unit 7: Map work Identification of features based on 1 to 6 units on the outline/Physical/Political map of the world. Part – B: India – Physical Environment Unit – 8: Introduction Location Space relations India’s place in the world Unit – 9: Physiography Structure and Relief Physiographic Divisions Drainage systems Concept of river basins Watershed The Himalayan Rivers The Peninsular Rivers Unit – 10: Climate, Vegetation, and Soil Weather and climate − Spatial and temporal distribution of − Temperature Pressure Winds Rainfall Indian monsoon − Mechanism Onset and withdrawal Variability of rainfalls – spatial and temporal Use of weather charts Climatic types (Koeppen) Natural vegetation − Types Distribution Wildlife Conservation Biosphere reserves Soils − Major types (ICAR’s classification) and their distribution Soil degradation Soil conservation Unit-11: Hazards and Disasters: Causes, Consequences, and Management Floods − Cloudbursts Droughts − Types Impact Earthquakes and Tsunami Cyclones − Features Impact Landslides Unit – 12: Map Work Features based on the above units for locating and labeling on the Outline/Political/Physical map of India. Part – C: Practical Work Unit-1: Fundamentals of Maps Geospatial data Concept of Geographical data matrix Point data Line data Area data Maps − Types Scales-types Construction of a simple linear scale Measuring distance Finding direction and use of symbols Map projection − Latitude Longitude Time Typology Construction and properties of projection Conical with one standard parallel and Mercator’s projection (only two projections) Unit 2: Topographic and Weather Maps Study of topographic maps (1: 50,000 or 1: 25,000 Survey of India maps) − Contour cross-section Identification of landforms − Slopes Hills Valleys Waterfall Cliffs Distribution of settlements Aerial Photographs − Types and geometry – vertical aerial photographs Difference between maps and aerial photographs Photo scale determination Identification of physical and cultural features Satellite imageries − Stages in remote sensing data-acquisition Platform and sensors and data products Photographic and digital Use of weather instruments − Thermometer Wet and dry-bulb thermometer Barometer Wind vane Rain gauge | CBSE Class 12 Geography Syllabus 2021 Part A. Fundamentals of Human Geography Unit 1: Human Geography • Nature • Scope Unit 2: People • Population − o Distribution o Density o Growth • Population change − o Spatial patterns and structure o Determinants of population change • Age-sex ratio − o Rural-urban composition • Human development − o Concept o Selected indicators o International comparisons Unit 3: Human Activities • Primary activities − o Concept and changing trends o Gathering o Pastoral o Mining o Subsistence agriculture o Modern agriculture o People engaged in agricultural and allied activities – some examples from selected countries • Secondary activities-concept − o Manufacturing − Types – household Small scale Large scale o Agro based industries o Mineral based industries o People engaged in secondary activities – some examples from selected countries • Tertiary activities-concept − o Trade o Transport and tourism o Services o People engaged in tertiary activities – some examples from selected countries • Quaternary activities – concept − o people engaged in quaternary activities – case study from selected countries Unit 4: Transport, Communication & Trade • Land transport − o Roads o Railways o Trans-continental railways • Water transport − o Inland waterways o Major ocean routes • Air transport − o Intercontinental air routes • Oil and gas pipelines • Satellite communication and cyber space − o Importance and usage for geographical information o use of GPS • International Trade-Bases and changing patterns − o Ports as gateways of international trade o Role of WTO in international trade • Ocean − o National rights and international treaties Unit 5: Human settlements • Settlement types − o Rural and urban o Morphology of cities (case study) o Distribution of mega cities o Problems of human settlements in developing countries Map Work Map Work on identification of features based on 1-5 units on the outline/Physical/Political map of World Part B. India: People and Economy Unit 6: People • Population − o Distribution o Density o Growth • Composition of population − o Linguistic o Religious o Sex o Rural-urban o Occupational-regional variations in growth of population • Migration − o International o National o Causes and consequences • Human development − o Selected indicators and regional patterns • Population, environment and development Unit 7: Human Settlements • Rural settlements − o Types o Distribution • Urban settlements − o Types o Distribution o Functional classification Unit 8: Resources and Development • Land resources − o General land use o Agricultural land use o Geographical conditions and distribution of major crops − Wheat Rice Tea Coffee Cotton Jute Sugarcane Rubber o Agricultural development and problems • Water resources − o Availability and utilization-irrigation o Domestic o Industrial and other uses o Scarcity of water o Conservation methods − Rain water harvesting Watershed management • Mineral and energy resources − o Distribution of metallic − Iron ore Copper Bauxite Manganese o Distribution of non-metallic − Mica Salt o Conventional resources − Coal Petroleum Natural gas Hydroelectricity o Non-conventional energy sources − Solar Wind Biogas • Conservation Industries − o Types o Factors of industrial location o Distribution and changing pattern of selected industries − Iron and steel Cotton textiles Sugar Petrochemicals Knowledge based industries o Impact of liberalization, privatization and globalization on industrial location o Industrial clusters • Planning in India − o Target group area planning (case study) o Idea of sustainable development (case study) Unit 9: Transport, Communication and International Trade • Transport and communication − o Roads o Railways o Waterways o Airways o oil and gas pipelines o Geographical information and communication networks • International trade − o Changing pattern of India’s foreign trade o Sea ports and their hinterland and airports Unit 10: Geographical Perspective on selected issues and problems • Environmental pollution o Urban – waste disposal • Urbanization − o Rural-urban migration o Problems of slums • Land degradation Map Work • Map work on locating and labelling of features based on above units on outline map of India. Part-C Practical Work Unit 1: Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping • Type and Sources of data − o Primary o Secondary and other sources • Tabulating and processing of data − o Calculation of averages o Measures of central tendency o Deviation o Rank correlation • Representation of data – construction of diagrams − o Bars o Circles o Flowchart o Thematic maps o Construction of dot o Choropleth maps o Isopleth maps • Data analysis and generation of diagrams − o Graphs and other visual diagrams using computers Unit 2: Field Study or Spatial Information Technology • Field visit and study − • Map orientation • Observation and preparation of sketch • Survey on any one of the local concerns − o Pollution o Ground water changes o Land use and land-use changes o Poverty o Energy issues o Soil degradation o Impact of floods and drought o Catchment area of school . Unit 3: Spatial Information Technology • Introduction to GIS − o Hardware requirements and software modules o Data formats o Raster and vector data, data input, editing and topology building o Data analysis o Overlay and buffer |
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July 26, 2021
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