The Class 11th and 12th Biology Syllabus strengthens the ideas introduced in the lower classes
provides and exposure to students to learn new concepts.
The syllabus tries to correlate the study of Biology to real-life problems.
Students come to know the use of biological discoveries in the environment, industry, medicine, health, and agriculture.
It generates the interest of students in Biology subject. Syllabus for Class. Biology gives an overview.
Students know the unit names, topics, subtopics, and time required to complete a particular unit. The syllabus helps students to prepare an effective study plan.
Simply put, biology is the scientific study of life, and just like life, biology is a rich and diverse field of study. Just like the living organisms, it focuses on,
biology is versatile and ever-changing is a study subject that is full of excitement,
it offers students more flexibility in their career paths, where they have a bright future ahead.
Studying biology promises students an exciting and study career with a wide array of opportunities to do what they love.
Start with the learning objectives of the CBSE Class 11th and 12th Biology Syllabus
| Syllabus of Biology for class 11th Unit I: Diversity of Living Organism Chapter 1: The Living World • What is living? • Biodiversity • Need for classification • Three domains of life • Taxonomy and systematics • Concept of species • Taxonomical hierarchy • Binomial nomenclature • Tools for study of taxonomy − o Museums o Zoological parks o Herbaria o Botanical gardens Chapter 2: Biological Classification • Five kingdom classification • Salient features and classification of Monera, Protista and Fungi into major groups − o Lichens o Viruses o Viroids Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom • Salient features and classification of plants into major groups − o Algae o Bryophyta o Pteridophyta o Gymnospermae o Angiospermae (Three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category) • Angiosperms − o Classification up to class o Characteristic features and examples Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom • Salient features and classification of animals non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates up to class level (three to five salient features and at least two examples of each category). Unit II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants • Morphology and modifications: Tissues Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants • Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants − o Root o Stem o Leaf o Inflorescence o Flower o Fruit o seed Chapter 7: Structural Organisation in Animals • Animal tissues • Morphology • Anatomy and functions of different systems of an insect (Cockroach) − o Digestive System o Circulatory System o Respiratory System o Nervous System o Reproductive System Unit III: Cell Structure and Function Chapter 8: Cell-The Unit of Life • Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life • Structure of − o Prokaryotic cell o Eukaryotic cell • Plant cell and animal cell • Cell envelope − o Cell membrane o Cell wall • Cell organelles – structure and function − o Endomembrane system o Endoplasmic reticulum o Golgi bodies o Lysosomes o Vacuoles o Mitochondria o Ribosomes o Plastids o Microbodies o Cytoskeleton o Cilia o Flagella o Centrioles (ultrastructure and function) o Nucleus o Nuclear membrane o Chromatin o Nucleolus Chapter 9: Biomolecules • Chemical constituents of living cells • Biomolecules • Structure and function of − o Proteins o Carbohydrates o Lipids o Nucleic acids o Enzymes o Types o Properties o Enzyme action Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division • Cell cycle • Mitosis • Meiosis • significance Unit IV: Plant Physiology Chapter 11: Transport in Plants • Transport in plants • Movement of − o Water o Gases o Nutrients • Cell to cell transport − o Diffusion o Facilitated diffusion o Active transport • Plant-water relations − o Imbibition o Water potential o Osmosis o Plasmolysis • Long-distance transport of water − o Absorption o Apoplast o Symplast o Transpiration pull o Root pressure o Guttation • Transpiration − o Opening and closing of stomata • Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients − o Transport of food o Phloem transport o Massflow hypothesis • Diffusion of gases Chapter 12: Mineral Nutrition • Essential minerals • Macro and micro-nutrients and their role • Deficiency symptoms • Mineral toxicity • Elementary idea of hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition • Nitrogen metabolism • Nitrogen cycle • Biological nitrogen fixation Chapter 13: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants • Photosynthesis as a mean of autotrophic nutrition • Site of photosynthesis − o Pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea) • Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis • Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation • Chemiosmotic hypothesis • Photorespiration • C3 and C4 pathways • factors affecting photosynthesis Chapter 14: Respiration in Plants • Exchange of gases • Cellular respiration − o Glycolysis o Fermentation (anaerobic) o TCA cycle o Electron transport system (aerobic) • Energy relations – number of ATP molecules generated • Amphibolic pathways • Respiratory quotient Chapter 15: Plant – Growth and Development • Seed germination • Phases of plant growth and plant growth rate • Conditions of growth • Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation • Sequence of developmental processes in a plant cell • Growth regulators − o Auxin o Gibberellin o Cytokinin o Ethylene o Aba • Seed dormancy • Vernalisation • Photoperiodism Unit V: Human Physiology Section: A Chapter 16: Digestion and Absorption • Alimentary canal and digestive glands o Role of digestive enzymes o Gastrointestinal hormones • Peristalsis • Digestion • Absorption and assimilation of − o Proteins o Carbohydrates o Fats • Calorific values of − o Proteins o Carbohydrates o Fats; • Egestion; • Nutritional and digestive disorders − o PEM o Indigestion o Constipation o Vomiting o Jaundice o Diarrhea Chapter 17: Breathing and Exchange of Gases • Respiratory organs in animals (recall only) • Respiratory system in humans • Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans − o Exchange of gases o Transport of gases o Regulation of respiration o Respiratory volume • Disorders related to respiration − o Asthma o Emphysema o Occupational respiratory disorders Chapter 18: Body Fluids and Circulation • Composition of blood o Blood groups o Coagulation of blood • Composition of lymph and its function • Human circulatory system − o Structure of the human heart o Blood vessels • Cardiac cycle − o Cardiac output o ECG • Double circulation • Regulation of cardiac activity • Disorders of the circulatory system − o Hypertension o Coronary artery disease o Angina pectoris o Heart failure Section B: Human Physiology Chapter 19: Excretory Products and Their Elimination • Modes of excretion o Ammonotelism o Ureotelism o Uricotelism • Human excretory system o Structure o Function • Urine formation o Osmoregulation • Regulation of kidney function o Renin-angiotensin o Atrial natriuretic factor o ADH and diabetes insipidus • Role of other organs in excretion • Disorders o Uremia o Renal failure o Renal calculi o Nephritis • Dialysis and artificial kidney Chapter 20: Locomotion and Movement • Types of movement o Ciliary o Flagellar o Muscular − skeletal muscle-contractile proteins and muscle contraction • Skeletal system and its functions • Joints • Disorders of the muscular and skeletal system − o Myasthenia gravis o Tetany o Muscular dystrophy o Arthritis o Osteoporosis o Gout Chapter 21: Neural Control and Coordination • Neuron and nerves o Nervous system in humans o Central nervous system o Peripheral nervous system o Visceral nervous system • Generation and conduction of nerve impulse • Reflex action • Sensory perception • Sense organs • Elementary structure and functions of eye and ear Chapter 22: Chemical Coordination and Integration • Endocrine glands and hormones • Human endocrine system − o Hypothalamus o Pituitary o Pineal o Thyroid o Parathyroid o Adrenal o Pancreas o Gonads • Mechanism of Hormone Action (elementary Idea) • Role of hormones as messengers and regulators • Hypo – and hyperactivity and related disorders o Dwarfism o Acromegaly o Cretinism o Goiter o Exophthalmic Goiter o Diabetes o Addison’s disease | Syllabus of Biology for class 12th Unit VI. Reproduction Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms • Reproduction − o A characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species • Modes of Reproduction − o Asexual reproduction o Sexual reproduction • Asexual reproduction − o Modes-Binary fission o Sporulation o Budding o Gemmule o Fragmentation o vegetative propagation in plants Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants • Flower structure • Development of male and female gametophytes • Pollination − o Types o Agencies o Examples • Outbreeding devices • Pollen-Pistil interaction • Double fertilization • Post fertilization Events-Development of endosperm and embryo • Development of seed and formation of fruit • Special modes − o Apomixes o Parthenocarpy o Polyembryony • Significance of seed and fruit formation Chapter 3: Human Reproduction • Male and female reproductive systems • Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary • Gametogenesis − o Spermatogenesis o Oogenesis • Menstrual cycle • Fertilisation embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea) • Parturition (Elementary idea) • Lactation (Elementary idea) Chapter 4: Reproductive Health • Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) • Birth control − o Need and Methods o Contraception o Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) • Amniocentesis • Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies − o IVF o ZIFT o GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness) Unit VII. Genetics and Evolution Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation • Mendelian Inheritance • Deviations from Mendelism − o Incomplete dominance o Co-dominance o Multiple alleles o Inheritance of blood groups o Pleiotropy • Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance • Chromosome theory of inheritance • Chromosomes and genes • Sex determination in − o Humans o Birds o Honey bee • Linkage and crossing over • Sex linked inheritance − o Haemophilia o Colour blindness • Mendelian disorder in humans o Thalassemia • Chromosomal disorders in humans − o Down’s syndrome o Turner’s o Klinefelter’s syndromes Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance • Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material • Structure of DNA and RNA • DNA packaging • DNA replication • Central dogma • Transcription, genetic code, translation • Gene expression and regulation − o Lac Operon • Genome and human genome project • DNA fingerprinting Chapter 7: Evolution • Origin of life • Biological evolution and evidence for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence) • Darwin’s contribution • Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution • Mechanism of evolution − o Variation (Mutation and Recombination) o Natural Selection with examples o Types of natural selection • Gene flow and genetic drift • Hardy – Weinberg’s principle • Adaptive Radiation • Human evolution Unit VIII. Biology and Human Welfare Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases • Pathogens – parasites causing human diseases − o Malaria o Filariasis o Ascariasis o Typhoid o Pneumonia o Common cold o Amoebiasis o Ringworm • Basic concepts of immunology – Vaccines − o Cancer o HIV o AIDs • Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production • Improvement in food production − o Plant breeding o Tissue culture o Single cell protein o Biofortification o Apiculture o Animal husbandry Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare • In household food processing • Industrial production • Sewage treatment • Energy generation and as biocontrol agents • Biofertilizers • Antibiotics − o Production and judicious use Unit IX. Biotechnology and Its Applications Chapter 11: Biotechnology – Principles and Processes • Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology). Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Application • Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture − o Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy o Genetically modified organisms – BT crops o Transgenic Animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents Unit X. Ecology and Environment Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations • Organisms and environment − o Habitat o Niche o Population o Ecological adaptations • Population interactions − o Mutualism o Competition o Predation o Parasitism • Population attributes − o Growth o Birth rate o Death rate o Age distribution Chapter 14: Ecosystem • Patterns • Components • Productivity • Decomposition • Energy flow • Pyramids of number, biomass, energy • Nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous) • Ecological succession • Ecological services − o Carbon fixation o Pollination o Seed dispersal o Oxygen release (in brief) Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation • Concept of biodiversity • Patterns of biodiversity • Importance of biodiversity • Loss of biodiversity • Biodiversity conservation − o Hotspots o Endangered organisms o Extinction o Red data book o Biosphere reserves o National parks o Sanctuaries o Ramsar sites Chapter-16: Environmental Issues • Air pollution and its control • Water pollution and its control • Agrochemicals and their effects • Solid waste management • Radioactive waste management • Greenhouse effect and climate change • Ozone layer depletion • Deforestation • Anyone case study as success story addressing the environmental issue(s). Practical Works Part A: List of Experiments • Study pollen germination on a slide. • Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture content, pH, and water holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them. • Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity, and presence of any living organisms. • Study the presence of suspended particulate matter in the air at two widely different sites. • Study of plant population density by quadrat method. • Study of plant population frequency by quadrat method. • Prepare a temporary mount of the onion root tip to study mitosis. • Study the effect of different temperatures and three different ph on the activity of salivary amylase on starch. • Isolation of DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, etc. Part B: Study/observation of the following (Spotting) • Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insect, bird). • Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide. • Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice). • Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides. • T.S. of blastula through permanent slides. • Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colours/sizes of any plant. • Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow’s peak, and color blindness. • Controlled pollination – emasculation, tagging, and bagging. • Common disease-causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Roundworm through permanent slides or specimens. Comment on symptoms of the disease that they cause. • Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in xeric conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations. • Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations. |
